Portugal offers an attractive tax regime for expats who are considering relocating to the country. With its residency-based tax system, Portugal provides favourable conditions for individuals looking to optimize their tax position. In this guide, we will explore the key aspects of tax in Portugal for expats, focusing on the taxation rules applicable to non-residents.
Residency and Tax Obligations
To determine your tax obligations in Portugal, it is crucial to understand the concept of tax residency. In Portugal, you will be considered a tax resident if you spend 183 days or more in the country during a calendar year. As a tax resident, you are required to pay tax in Portugal on your worldwide income. However, if you are not deemed a tax non-resident, you will only be liable for income tax earned within Portugal.
Double Taxation Agreements
For individuals who are tax residents in multiple jurisdictions, the application of double taxation agreements (DTAs) becomes essential. DTAs are bilateral agreements between countries that aim to prevent double taxation and eliminate tax evasion. Portugal has signed over 70 DTAs, including agreements with countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, and France.
Under these agreements, the taxation of certain types of income will depend on the provisions outlined in the specific DTA. For example, the DTA between Portugal and South Africa states that where an individual is a tax resident in both countries, the determination of tax liability will be based on factors such as permanent home, economic relations, habitual abode, and nationality. These agreements play a crucial role in ensuring fair taxation for individuals with international income sources.
Non-Habitual Resident (NHR) Program
Portugal has introduced a special tax regime known as the Non-Habitual Resident (NHR) program, aimed at attracting high-value individuals to the country. This program offers unique tax benefits for a period of ten consecutive years. To qualify for the NHR program, you must be a new tax resident in Portugal and not have been a tax resident in the previous five years.
Under the NHR program, certain types of income are exempt from taxation or subject to favourable tax rates. For example, foreign-source employment income may be exempt from Portuguese tax if it is already subject to tax in the source country under a DTA or international tax convention. Similarly, pension income may be subject to a flat tax rate of 10%. It is important to note that the NHR program is subject to specific eligibility requirements and should be carefully evaluated in consultation with tax experts.
Taxation of Different Income Categories
Employment Income
Employment income earned by non-habitual residents in Portugal is subject to taxation at a special tax rate of 20%. However, income earned abroad in the category of employment may be exempt from Portuguese tax if it is already taxed in the source country under a DTA or international tax convention. This provision ensures that individuals are not subject to double taxation on their employment income.
Self-Employment, Capital, Royalties and Real Estate Income
Income derived from self-employment, capital income (dividends, interests, etc…), capital gains, real estate, and royalties are treated differently under the Portuguese tax system. Non-habitual residents engaged in high-value activities of a scientific, artistic, or technical nature may benefit from exemptions on income earned abroad in these categories. The exemption applies if the income may be taxed in the source country under a DTA or international tax convention, and it is not considered to have been obtained in Portuguese territory.
Pension Income
Pension income received by non-habitual residents is subject to a favourable tax rate of 10%. This flat rate applies to pension income that is not considered tax-deductible in Portugal. Similar to other income categories, pension income may be exempt from Portuguese tax if it is already taxed in the source country under a DTA or international tax convention.
Tax Exemptions and Credit Mechanisms
Under certain circumstances, income that is exempt from taxation may still be included in the calculation of the taxable amount for other income categories. However, specific exemptions exist for capital gains from securities, dividends and interest, and income subject to the special tax rate of 20% for employment and self-employment.
Non-habitual residents who are eligible for tax exemptions may opt to use the tax credit mechanism provided by international double taxation agreements. This mechanism allows for the inclusion of exempt income in the general taxation framework, with a few exceptions.
Applying for Non-Habitual Resident Status
To benefit from the NHR program, individuals must register as non-habitual residents with the Portuguese Taxpayer Registry. The registration should be done when changing residence to Portugal and before being considered a tax resident for the respective fiscal year. Once registered, the non-habitual resident status is valid for ten consecutive years.
During the ten years, if the non-habitual resident does not choose to file as such for any given year, they may resume the status for the remaining years. It is important to note that eligibility requirements apply, and individuals should consult tax experts to ensure compliance with the program’s rules and regulations.
Conclusion
Tax in Portugal for expats is a complex matter, especially for non-residents. Understanding the residency rules, double taxation agreements, and the benefits of the Non-Habitual Resident program is crucial for optimizing your tax position. By seeking professional advice and guidance, you can navigate the Portuguese tax system with confidence and ensure compliance with the applicable regulations. Portugal’s favourable tax regime for expats makes it an attractive destination for individuals seeking to maximize their financial potential while enjoying the country’s rich cultural and natural offerings.
Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal, tax, or financial advice. For personalized advice, please consult with a qualified professional.
Miguel Pinto-Correia holds a Master Degree in International Economics and European Studies from ISEG – Lisbon School of Economics & Management and a Bachelor Degree in Economics from Nova School of Business and Economics. He is a permanent member of the Order of the Economists (Ordem dos Economistas)… Read more
